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In
anatomy,
adipose tissue or
fat is loose
connective tissue composed of
adipocytes. Its main role is to store energy in the form of fat, although it also cushions and
Thermal insulation the body. Obesity in humans and most animals is not dependent on the amount of body weight, but on the amount of body fat—specifically adipose tissue. Two types of adipose tissue exist: white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT). Adipose tissue also serves as an important endocrine organ by producing recently-discovered
hormones such as leptin, resistin and the cytokine
TNF-alpha. The formation of adipose tissue appears to be controlled by the
adipose gene.
Anatomical features
In humans, adipose tissue is located beneath the skin and is also found around internal
Organ (anatomy)s. Adipose tissue is found in specific locations, which are referred to as 'adipose depots'. Adipose tissue contains several cell types, with the highest percentage of cells being adipocytes, which contain fat droplets. Other cell types include fibroblasts, macrophages and endothelial cells. Adipose tissue contains many small blood vessels. In the integumentary system, which includes the skin, it accumulates in the deepest level, the subcutaneous layer, providing insulation from heat and cold. Around organs, it provides protective padding. However, its main function is to be a reserve of lipids, which can be burned to meet the energy needs of the body. Adipose depots in different parts of the body have different biochemical profiles.
In a severely
obese person, excess adipose tissue hanging downward from the abdomen is referred to as a
panniculus (or pannus). A panniculus complicates surgery of the morbidly obese. The panniculus may remain as a literal "apron of skin" if a severely obese person quickly loses large amounts of weight (a common result of gastric bypass surgery). This condition cannot easily be corrected through diet and exercise, as the panniculus consists of adipocytes and other supporting cell types shrunken to their minimum volume and diameter. Reconstructive surgery is one way to fix the problem.
In
mouse, there are eight major adipose depots, four of which are within the
abdominal cavity: the paired gonadal depots are attached to the uterus and
ovaries in females and the epididymis and
testes in males, the paired retroperitoneal depots are found along the dorsal wall of the abdomen, surrounding the kidney, and when massive extend into the pelvis. The mesenteric depot forms a glue-like web that supports the intestines, and the omental depot, which originates near the
stomach and
spleen and when massive extends into the ventral abdomen. Both the mesenteric and omental depots incorporate much lymphoid tissue as lymph nodes and milky spots respectively. The two superficial depots are the paired inguinal depots, which are found anterior to the upper segment of the hind limbs (underneath the skin) and the subscapular depots, paired medial mixtures of brown adipose tissue adjacent to regions of white adipose tissue, which are found under the skin between the dorsal crests of the scapulae. The layer of brown adipose tissue in this depot is often covered by a “frosting” of white adipose tissue, sometimes these two types of fat (brown and white) are hard to distinguish. The inguinal depots enclose the inguinal group of lymph nodes. Minor depots include the pericardial which surrounds the heart, and the paired popliteal depots, between the major muscles behind the knees, each containing one large lymph node(Pond 1998). Of all the depots in the mouse, the gonadal depots are the largest and the most easily dissected (Cinti, 1999), comprising about 30% of dissectible fat, e.g., (Bachmanov et al. 2001).
Physiology
Free fatty acid is "liberated" from
lipoproteins by
lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and enters the adipocyte, where it is reassembled into
triglycerides by
esterising it onto glycerol. Human fat tissue contains about 87% lipids.
In humans, lipolysis is controlled though the balanced control of lipolytic B-adrenergic receptors and a2A-andronergic receptor mediated antilipolysis.
Fat is not laid down when there is a surplus available and stored passively until it is needed; rather it is constantly being stored in and released from each cell.
Fat cells have an important
physiology role in maintaining triglyceride and free fatty acid levels, as well as determining insulin resistance.
Abdomen fat has a different
metabolism profile—being more prone to induce insulin resistance. This explains to a large degree why central obesity is a marker of impaired glucose tolerance and is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (even in the absence of diabetes mellitus and hypertension).
Recent advances in biotechnology have allowed for the harvesting of
adult stem cells from adipose tissue, allowing stimulation of tissue regrowth using a patient's own cells. The use of a patient's own cells reduces the chance of tissue rejection and avoids the ethical issues associated with the use of human
embryonic stem cells.
Adipose tissue is the greatest peripheral source of
aromatase in both males and females contributing to the production of estradiol.
Hormones secreted by adipose tissue include:
Adipose tissues also secrete a type of
cytokines (cell-to-cell signalling proteins) called adipokines (adipocytokines) which play a role in obesity-associated complications.
Brown fat
A specialised form of adipose tissue in human
infants, and some animals, is brown fat or brown adipose tissue. It is located mainly around the neck and large blood vessels of the thorax. This specialised tissue can generate heat by "uncoupling" the respiratory chain of
oxidative phosphorylation within
mitochondria, leading to the breakdown of fatty acids. This thermogenic process may be vital in neonates exposed to the cold, who then require this thermogenesis to keep warm as they are unable to shivering, or take other actions to keep themselves warm.Himms-Hagen, J. (August 1990) "Brown adipose tissue thermogenesis: interdisciplinary studies"
The FASEB Journal (Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology) 4(11): pp. 2890-2898
Attempts to stimulate this process pharmacology have so far been unsuccessful, but might in the future be a target of
weight loss therapy.
Genetics
In 2007, researchers isolated the adipose gene, which apparently serves to keep animals lean during times of plenty. Increased adipose gene activity was associated with slimmer individuals.Suh, Jae Myoung
et al. (September 2007) "Adipose Is a Conserved Dosage-Sensitive Antiobesity Gene"
Cell Metabolism 6(3): pp. 195-207
Cultural and social role
Excess adipose tissue on a human can lead to medical problems; however, a round or large figure does not of itself imply a medical problem, and is sometimes not primarily caused by adipose tissue. For a discussion of the aesthetic and medical significance of body shape, see dieting and
obesity.
Additional images
Image:Gray940.png|diagrammatic sectional view of the skin (magnified).
Image:Yellow adipose tissue in paraffin section - lipids washed out.jpg|Yellow adipose tissue in paraffin section
References
Bachmanov AA, Reed DR, Tordoff MG, Price RA, Beauchamp GK (2001) Nutrient preference and diet-induced adiposity in C57BL/6ByJ and 129P3/J mice. Physiology and Behavior 72, 603-613
Cinti S (1999) The adipose organ. Editrice Kurtis, Milano
Pond CM (1998) The fats of life. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
See also
.
In anatomy,
adipose tissue or
fat is loose connective tissue composed of adipocytes. Its main role is to store
energy in the form of
fat, although it also cushions and Thermal insulation the body. Obesity in humans and most animals is not dependent on the amount of body weight, but on the amount of body fat—specifically adipose tissue. Two types of adipose tissue exist: white adipose tissue (WAT) and
brown adipose tissue (BAT). Adipose tissue also serves as an important
endocrine organ by producing recently-discovered
hormones such as leptin,
resistin and the cytokine TNF-alpha. The formation of adipose tissue appears to be controlled by the adipose gene.
Anatomical features
In humans, adipose tissue is located beneath the skin and is also found around internal Organ (anatomy)s. Adipose tissue is found in specific locations, which are referred to as 'adipose depots'. Adipose tissue contains several cell types, with the highest percentage of cells being adipocytes, which contain fat droplets. Other cell types include fibroblasts, macrophages and endothelial cells. Adipose tissue contains many small blood vessels. In the integumentary system, which includes the skin, it accumulates in the deepest level, the
subcutaneous layer, providing insulation from heat and cold. Around organs, it provides protective padding. However, its main function is to be a reserve of lipids, which can be burned to meet the energy needs of the body. Adipose depots in different parts of the body have different biochemical profiles.
In a severely obese
person, excess adipose tissue hanging downward from the abdomen is referred to as a panniculus (or pannus). A panniculus complicates surgery of the morbidly obese. The panniculus may remain as a literal "apron of skin" if a severely obese person quickly loses large amounts of weight (a common result of gastric bypass surgery). This condition cannot easily be corrected through diet and exercise, as the panniculus consists of adipocytes and other supporting cell types shrunken to their minimum volume and diameter. Reconstructive surgery is one way to fix the problem.
In mouse, there are eight major adipose depots, four of which are within the
abdominal cavity: the paired gonadal depots are attached to the uterus and
ovaries in females and the epididymis and
testes in males, the paired retroperitoneal depots are found along the
dorsal wall of the abdomen, surrounding the kidney, and when massive extend into the pelvis. The mesenteric depot forms a glue-like web that supports the
intestines, and the omental depot, which originates near the stomach and
spleen and when massive extends into the ventral abdomen. Both the mesenteric and omental depots incorporate much lymphoid tissue as lymph nodes and milky spots respectively. The two superficial depots are the paired inguinal depots, which are found anterior to the upper segment of the hind limbs (underneath the skin) and the subscapular depots, paired medial mixtures of brown adipose tissue adjacent to regions of white adipose tissue, which are found under the skin between the dorsal crests of the scapulae. The layer of brown adipose tissue in this depot is often covered by a “frosting” of white adipose tissue, sometimes these two types of fat (brown and white) are hard to distinguish. The inguinal depots enclose the inguinal group of lymph nodes. Minor depots include the
pericardial which surrounds the heart, and the paired popliteal depots, between the major
muscles behind the knees, each containing one large lymph node(Pond 1998). Of all the depots in the mouse, the gonadal depots are the largest and the most easily dissected (Cinti, 1999), comprising about 30% of dissectible fat, e.g., (Bachmanov et al. 2001).
Physiology
Free fatty acid is "liberated" from
lipoproteins by lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and enters the adipocyte, where it is reassembled into triglycerides by esterising it onto
glycerol. Human fat tissue contains about 87% lipids.
In humans, lipolysis is controlled though the balanced control of lipolytic B-adrenergic receptors and a2A-andronergic receptor mediated antilipolysis.
Fat is not laid down when there is a surplus available and stored passively until it is needed; rather it is constantly being stored in and released from each cell.
Fat cells have an important physiology role in maintaining triglyceride and
free fatty acid levels, as well as determining insulin resistance.
Abdomen fat has a different metabolism profile—being more prone to induce insulin resistance. This explains to a large degree why
central obesity is a marker of impaired glucose tolerance and is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (even in the absence of
diabetes mellitus and
hypertension).
Recent advances in biotechnology have allowed for the harvesting of adult stem cells from adipose tissue, allowing stimulation of tissue regrowth using a patient's own cells. The use of a patient's own cells reduces the chance of tissue rejection and avoids the ethical issues associated with the use of human
embryonic stem cells.
Adipose tissue is the greatest peripheral source of
aromatase in both males and females contributing to the production of estradiol.
Hormones secreted by adipose tissue include:
Adipose tissues also secrete a type of cytokines (cell-to-cell signalling proteins) called
adipokines (adipocytokines) which play a role in obesity-associated complications.
Brown fat
A specialised form of adipose tissue in human
infants, and some animals, is
brown fat or brown adipose tissue. It is located mainly around the neck and large blood vessels of the thorax. This specialised tissue can generate heat by "uncoupling" the respiratory chain of
oxidative phosphorylation within mitochondria, leading to the breakdown of fatty acids. This thermogenic process may be vital in neonates exposed to the cold, who then require this thermogenesis to keep warm as they are unable to
shivering, or take other actions to keep themselves warm.Himms-Hagen, J. (August 1990) "Brown adipose tissue thermogenesis: interdisciplinary studies"
The FASEB Journal (Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology) 4(11): pp. 2890-2898
Attempts to stimulate this process
pharmacology have so far been unsuccessful, but might in the future be a target of
weight loss therapy.
Genetics
In 2007, researchers isolated the adipose gene, which apparently serves to keep animals lean during times of plenty. Increased adipose gene activity was associated with slimmer individuals.Suh, Jae Myoung
et al. (September 2007) "Adipose Is a Conserved Dosage-Sensitive Antiobesity Gene"
Cell Metabolism 6(3): pp. 195-207
Cultural and social role
Excess adipose tissue on a human can lead to medical problems; however, a round or large figure does not of itself imply a medical problem, and is sometimes not primarily caused by adipose tissue. For a discussion of the aesthetic and medical significance of body shape, see
dieting and
obesity.
Additional images
Image:Gray940.png|diagrammatic sectional view of the skin (magnified).
Image:Yellow adipose tissue in paraffin section - lipids washed out.jpg|Yellow adipose tissue in paraffin section
References
Bachmanov AA, Reed DR, Tordoff MG, Price RA, Beauchamp GK (2001) Nutrient preference and diet-induced adiposity in C57BL/6ByJ and 129P3/J mice. Physiology and Behavior 72, 603-613
Cinti S (1999) The adipose organ. Editrice Kurtis, Milano
Pond CM (1998) The fats of life. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
See also
Adipose tissue - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In histology, adipose tissue or fat is loose connective tissue composed of adipocytes. Adipose tissue is derived from lipoblasts. Its main role is to store energy in the form of ...
Adipose Tissue
Ann L. Albright and Judith S. Stern Department of Nutrition and Internal Medicine University of California at Davis Davis, CA USA. Morphology and Development of Adipose Tissue
Definition: adipose tissue from Online Medical Dictionary
The Online Medical Dictionary is a searchable dictionary of definitions from medicine, science and technology.
Adipose Tissue Color Images
Click on button by image title to retrieve image :
adipose tissue
Type of connective tissue of vertebrates that serves as an energy reserve, and also pads some organs
Adipose tissue and chronic inflammation
Society for Endocrinology BES 2008. Harrogate, UK 07 April 2008 - 10 April 2008 Society for Endocrinology British Endocrine Societies
Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ
Biographical Details. Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. J Flier Deaconess Medical Centre, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Biographical Details
Adipose Tissue | Body Fat | Adipocytes | Obesity | Fat | Adipose ...
Adipose tissue, also known as body fat, is increasingly present in Western society. Many people have to deal with an overload of adipose tissue, a condition also referred to as ...
Adipose tissue peptides
Adipose tissue is metabolically active with endocrine and enzymatic functions. A discussion of the endocrine functions is made available in the contex of obesity and insulin ...
UK Adipose Tissue Discussion Group Annual Meeting 2007- Home
UK Adipose Tissue Discussion Group. Annual Meeting- 17th December 2007. VISCERAL FAT, SUBCUTANEOUS FAT AND INSULIN RESISTANCE. Invited Speakers Include:
